Panorama Dokumente will open with the world premiere of the French-Swiss-German co-production
<Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth)> by
Jean-Gabriel Périot in Cinestar 7 on February 6 at 5.00 pm.
Using archive material, the film traces
without bias or commentary
the developments leading up to the “German Autumn” in late 1977.
The gradual radicalisation of leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF) is made palpable in excerpts from, e.g., Holger Mein's film <Freiheit für Teufel (Freedom for Teufel)> and Ulrike Meinhof's <Bambule (Rampage)>.
The film examines the expulsion of a large number of undergraduate students from the German Film and Television Academy (dffb) for their radicalism, as well as the independent student workers’ cinema, ROSTA Kino, and the directors’ revolt at the “EXPRMTL (Knokke Experimental Film Festival)” in Belgium.
------ Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth) by Jean-Gabriel Périot ------
Reassessing our understanding of history Une jeunesse allemande opens up a new view of history, and in doing so joins the previously announced and annotated El hombre nuevo (The New Man) by Aldo Garay and Iraqi Odyssey by Samir. Tell Spring Not to Come This Year by Saeed Taji Farouky and Michael McEvoy addresses the fatal situation in Afghanistan now that all international troops have left the country. And Censored
Voices by Mor Loushy traces the bitter taste of triumph. Young Israeli soldiers return home after the Six-Day War and immediately talk on tape about their experiences: the country is in a
flush of victory. Now the director shows these same men listening to what they once said. A statement by Katrin Seybold, who died in 2012, opens her final work: “The films I make need to be made. When people are dead, then they’re dead, and all we have left are Gestapo
reports, the reports of the perpetrators.” Die Widerständigen „also machen wir das weiter ...” (The Resistors “their spirit prevails ...”) consists of interviews about the resistance
movement against the Nazis. The film was finished by Seybold’s friend and colleague Ula Stöckl, whose legendary 1968 film, Neun Leben hat die Katze (The Cat Has Nine Lives), is screening
in this year’s Berlinale Classics.
Music films and special artist portraits have a tradition in the Panorama. Nina Simone went from being a talented jazz and classical pianist to a highly political human rights activist. In
the film What Happened, Miss Simone?, Liz Garbus weaves together film documents, interviews and, of course, the music of this inimitable singer to create an atmospheric portrait. Brett
Morgen also includes a great deal of music in Cobain: Montage of Heck, an intimate glimpse into the life and work of the founder of the grunge band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain.
Inuk Silis Høegh’s Sume - Mumisitsinerup Nipaa (Sumé - The Sound of a Revolution) shows how the rock musicians of this band from Greenland devoted themselves in the mid 1970s to opposing
Danish colonisers and brought about the revival of Greenlandic, their native tongue. And, as already announced (Press Release from December 16, 2014), in around 1980 one of the most
creative musical chapters in West Berlin took place, as documented in B-Movie: Lust and Sound in West-Berlin by Jörg A. Hoppe, Klaus Maeck and Heiko Lange.
Two extraordinary artists, both filmmakers whose world careers began in Berlin, are Jia Zhang-ke and Walter Salles: the latter is presenting an affectionate portrait of his colleague Jia
Zhang-ke, Um homem de Fenyang (Jia Zhang-ke, a Guy from Fenyang), which includes many excerpts from his films that make recent upheavals in Chinese society more tangible. Besides the
previously announced portrait of Fassbinder – Lieben ohne zu fordern (Fassbinder – To Love without Demands) by Danish filmmaker Christian Braad Thomsen, the Panorama is presenting two
rediscoveries: one about Yvonne Rainer, the incredibly inspirational but also, by nature, modest dancer, choreographer and filmmaker, whose film MURDER and murder won the TEDDY Award in
1997 (Feelings Are Facts: The Life of Yvonne Rainer by Jack Walsh). The other is about Annemarie Schwarzenbach, whose modern European attitudes, writings on travelling the world, and
stunning, highly androgynous look in the 1920s are still fascinating today not only to the queer and gender community (Je suis Annemarie Schwarzenbach / My Name is Annemarie Schwarzenbach
by Véronique Aubouy).
Two more works have joined the line-up of films that focus on self-determination and sexuality: Danish director Jannik Splidsboel’s Misfits shows how there are several thousand churches in
the Bible Belt of the USA but only one gay-lesbian youth centre. For many it is the only safe haven from a socialisation based on religious fundamentalism. Splidsboel presented How Are You
about the artists Elmgreen&Dragset in the Panorama 2011. In Haftanlage 4614 (Prison System 4614), Jan Soldat, who showed his short film Zucht und Ordnung (Law and Order) in the Panorama
2012, explores the longings and desires revealed by “prison fetishists”: these inmates are voluntarily behind bars.
The Panorama Publikums-Preis PPP (the Panorama’s audience award) will be presented for the seventeenth time to the best fictional and the best documentary feature respectively in CinemaxX
7 on the last day of the festival (Berlinale Kinotag), on February 15 at 5.00 pm. After the ceremony, the winning fictional film will be screened, followed by the best documentary at 8.00
pm. Organized in collaboration with tip magazine and radio1, Berlinale’s largest jury cast over 31,000 votes last year.
Conceived to promote German cinematic art, the Heiner Carow Prize will be awarded for the third time to a documentary, fictional or essay film from the Panorama section in cooperation with
the DEFA Foundation. After the ceremony, which will be held at 5.00 pm on February 12 at Kino International, Heiner Carow’s Coming Out (GDR 1989) will be shown.
The following titles complete the list of Panorama films published in the first two Panorama Press Releases.
Panorama Dokumente Censored Voices – Israel / Germany By Mor Loushy European premiere
Cobain: Montage of Heck – USA By Brett Morgen International premiere
Die Widerständigen „also machen wir das weiter ...” (The Resistors “their spirit prevails ...”) - Germany By Ula Stöckl, Katrin Seybold World premiere
Feelings Are Facts: The Life of Yvonne Rainer - USA By Jack Walsh World premiere
Haftanlage 4614 (Prison System 4614) - Germany By Jan Soldat World premiere
Je suis Annemarie Schwarzenbach (My Name is Annemarie Schwarzenbach) - France By Véronique Aubouy World premiere
Jia Zhang-ke, um homem de Fenyang (Jia Zhang-ke, a Guy from Fenyang) - Brazil By Walter Salles European Premiere
Misfits – Denmark / Sweden By Jannik Splidsboel World premiere
Sume - Mumisitsinerup Nipaa (Sumé - The Sound of a Revolution) – Greenland / Denmark / Norway By Inuk Silis Høegh European premiere
Tell Spring Not to Come This Year – Great Britain By Saeed Taji Farouky, Michael McEvoy World premiere
Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth) - France / Switzerland / Germany By Jean-Gabriel Périot World premiere
What Happened, Miss Simone? - USA By Liz Garbus International premiere
Previously announced “Panorama Dokumente” films:
B-Movie: Lust & Sound in West-Berlin by Jörg A. Hoppe, Klaus Maeck, Heiko Lange, Germany (WP)
Danielův Svět (Daniel’s World) by Veronika Lišková, Czech Republic (IP)
El hombre nuevo (The New Man) by Aldo Garay, Uruguay / Chile (WP)
Fassbinder – Lieben ohne zu fordern (Fassbinder – To Love without Demands) by Christian Braad Thomsen, Denmark (WP) 《------
Iraqi Odyssey by Samir, Switzerland / Germany / Iraq / United Arab Emirates (EP)
The Yes Men Are Revolting by Laura Nix, Andy Bichlbaum, Mike Bonanno, USA (EP)
(WP= World premiere, IP= International premiere, EP = European premiere)
Please note: Stories of Our Lives by Kenyan filmmaker Jim Chuchu is now screening in the main programme of Panorama.
电影就是前德国恐怖行动集团赤色帮的兴衰史。赤色帮已从人们视线中淡忘很久,他们是谁?红色帮派(Rote Armee Faktion)简称RAF, 又名“巴德尔—迈因霍夫帮”,电影大部分内容围绕赤色帮在1967年到1977年间从起初建立到各种恐怖活动展开,充满革命、恐怖、绑架、自杀、赎罪、宽恕等纷繁复杂的历史纠葛,赤色帮的恐怖行动让“德国之秋”时期德国动荡起伏的社会局势可见一斑。
2015年 柏林 (2月中旬)
影迷
将可以
看到
与
电影
<Deutschland im Herbst (1978)>
导演: 亚历山大·克鲁格/沃尔克·施隆多夫/赖纳·维尔纳·法斯宾德/Alf Brustellin/Bernhard Sinkel/Katja Rupé/Hans Peter Cloos/爱德嘉·莱兹/Maximiliane Mainka/Peter Schubert
编剧: 亚历山大·克鲁格/沃尔克·施隆多夫/赖纳·维尔纳·法斯宾德/Alf Brustellin/Bernhard Sinkel/Katja Rupé/Hans Peter Cloos/爱德嘉·莱兹/海因里希·伯尔/Peter Steinbach
主演: Hannelore Hoger/ Helmut Griem/ Katja Rupé/ Vadim Glowna/ Angela Winkler/ Heinz Bennent/ Mario Adorf/ Manfred Zapatka/ Enno Patalas [更多...]
http://movie.douban.com/subject/1419212/?suggest=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E7%A7%8B
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=PpAi5HSMpd9FsxGmwwHCPQQKMkRWR_MZFRKGUMaf9WluEFy2vvDaeHJt-mmZzT7NSJ5GY5WtryoFV5Cc6ATAZa
======================================================================================================================
有关的
记录片 :
(48 年 后; 之前 前西德/东德 已在 2010年 前后 ‘再统一’)
===>
Panorama Dokumente will open with the world premiere of the
French-Swiss-German co-production
<Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth)> by
Jean-Gabriel Périot in Cinestar 7 on February 6 at 5.00 pm.
Using archive material, the film traces
without
bias
or
commentary
the developments leading up to the “German Autumn” in late 1977.
The gradual radicalisation of leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF) is made palpable in excerpts from, e.g.,
Holger Mein's film <Freiheit für Teufel (Freedom for Teufel)> and
Ulrike Meinhof's <Bambule (Rampage)>.
The film examines the expulsion of a large number of undergraduate students from the German Film and Television Academy (dffb)
for their radicalism, as well as the independent student workers’ cinema, ROSTA Kino, and
the directors’ revolt at the “EXPRMTL (Knokke Experimental Film Festival)” in Belgium.
------
Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth) by Jean-Gabriel Périot
------
http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/panorama/pan-presse-detail_26838.html
-----------
Reassessing our understanding of history
Une jeunesse allemande opens up a new view of history, and in doing so joins the previously announced and annotated El hombre nuevo (The New Man) by Aldo Garay and Iraqi Odyssey by Samir.
Tell Spring Not to Come This Year by Saeed Taji Farouky and Michael McEvoy addresses the fatal situation in Afghanistan now that all international troops have left the country. And Censored
Voices by Mor Loushy traces the bitter taste of triumph. Young Israeli soldiers return home after the Six-Day War and immediately talk on tape about their experiences: the country is in a
flush of victory. Now the director shows these same men listening to what they once said.
A statement by Katrin Seybold, who died in 2012, opens her final work: “The films I make need to be made. When people are dead, then they’re dead, and all we have left are Gestapo
reports, the reports of the perpetrators.” Die Widerständigen „also machen wir das weiter ...” (The Resistors “their spirit prevails ...”) consists of interviews about the resistance
movement against the Nazis. The film was finished by Seybold’s friend and colleague Ula Stöckl, whose legendary 1968 film, Neun Leben hat die Katze (The Cat Has Nine Lives), is screening
in this year’s Berlinale Classics.
Music films and special artist portraits have a tradition in the Panorama. Nina Simone went from being a talented jazz and classical pianist to a highly political human rights activist. In
the film What Happened, Miss Simone?, Liz Garbus weaves together film documents, interviews and, of course, the music of this inimitable singer to create an atmospheric portrait. Brett
Morgen also includes a great deal of music in Cobain: Montage of Heck, an intimate glimpse into the life and work of the founder of the grunge band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain.
Inuk Silis Høegh’s Sume - Mumisitsinerup Nipaa (Sumé - The Sound of a Revolution) shows how the rock musicians of this band from Greenland devoted themselves in the mid 1970s to opposing
Danish colonisers and brought about the revival of Greenlandic, their native tongue. And, as already announced (Press Release from December 16, 2014), in around 1980 one of the most
creative musical chapters in West Berlin took place, as documented in B-Movie: Lust and Sound in West-Berlin by Jörg A. Hoppe, Klaus Maeck and Heiko Lange.
Two extraordinary artists, both filmmakers whose world careers began in Berlin, are Jia Zhang-ke and Walter Salles: the latter is presenting an affectionate portrait of his colleague Jia
Zhang-ke, Um homem de Fenyang (Jia Zhang-ke, a Guy from Fenyang), which includes many excerpts from his films that make recent upheavals in Chinese society more tangible. Besides the
previously announced portrait of Fassbinder – Lieben ohne zu fordern (Fassbinder – To Love without Demands) by Danish filmmaker Christian Braad Thomsen, the Panorama is presenting two
rediscoveries: one about Yvonne Rainer, the incredibly inspirational but also, by nature, modest dancer, choreographer and filmmaker, whose film MURDER and murder won the TEDDY Award in
1997 (Feelings Are Facts: The Life of Yvonne Rainer by Jack Walsh). The other is about Annemarie Schwarzenbach, whose modern European attitudes, writings on travelling the world, and
stunning, highly androgynous look in the 1920s are still fascinating today not only to the queer and gender community (Je suis Annemarie Schwarzenbach / My Name is Annemarie Schwarzenbach
by Véronique Aubouy).
Two more works have joined the line-up of films that focus on self-determination and sexuality: Danish director Jannik Splidsboel’s Misfits shows how there are several thousand churches in
the Bible Belt of the USA but only one gay-lesbian youth centre. For many it is the only safe haven from a socialisation based on religious fundamentalism. Splidsboel presented How Are You
about the artists Elmgreen&Dragset in the Panorama 2011. In Haftanlage 4614 (Prison System 4614), Jan Soldat, who showed his short film Zucht und Ordnung (Law and Order) in the Panorama
2012, explores the longings and desires revealed by “prison fetishists”: these inmates are voluntarily behind bars.
The Panorama Publikums-Preis PPP (the Panorama’s audience award) will be presented for the seventeenth time to the best fictional and the best documentary feature respectively in CinemaxX
7 on the last day of the festival (Berlinale Kinotag), on February 15 at 5.00 pm. After the ceremony, the winning fictional film will be screened, followed by the best documentary at 8.00
pm. Organized in collaboration with tip magazine and radio1, Berlinale’s largest jury cast over 31,000 votes last year.
Conceived to promote German cinematic art, the Heiner Carow Prize will be awarded for the third time to a documentary, fictional or essay film from the Panorama section in cooperation with
the DEFA Foundation. After the ceremony, which will be held at 5.00 pm on February 12 at Kino International, Heiner Carow’s Coming Out (GDR 1989) will be shown.
The following titles complete the list of Panorama films published in the first two Panorama Press Releases.
Panorama Dokumente
Censored Voices – Israel / Germany
By Mor Loushy
European premiere
Cobain: Montage of Heck – USA
By Brett Morgen
International premiere
Die Widerständigen „also machen wir das weiter ...” (The Resistors “their spirit prevails ...”) - Germany
By Ula Stöckl, Katrin Seybold
World premiere
Feelings Are Facts: The Life of Yvonne Rainer - USA
By Jack Walsh
World premiere
Haftanlage 4614 (Prison System 4614) - Germany
By Jan Soldat
World premiere
Je suis Annemarie Schwarzenbach (My Name is Annemarie Schwarzenbach) - France
By Véronique Aubouy
World premiere
Jia Zhang-ke, um homem de Fenyang (Jia Zhang-ke, a Guy from Fenyang) - Brazil
By Walter Salles
European Premiere
Misfits – Denmark / Sweden
By Jannik Splidsboel
World premiere
Sume - Mumisitsinerup Nipaa (Sumé - The Sound of a Revolution) – Greenland / Denmark / Norway
By Inuk Silis Høegh
European premiere
Tell Spring Not to Come This Year – Great Britain
By Saeed Taji Farouky, Michael McEvoy
World premiere
Une jeunesse allemande (A German Youth) - France / Switzerland / Germany
By Jean-Gabriel Périot
World premiere
What Happened, Miss Simone? - USA
By Liz Garbus
International premiere
Previously announced “Panorama Dokumente” films:
B-Movie: Lust & Sound in West-Berlin by Jörg A. Hoppe, Klaus Maeck, Heiko Lange, Germany (WP)
Danielův Svět (Daniel’s World) by Veronika Lišková, Czech Republic (IP)
El hombre nuevo (The New Man) by Aldo Garay, Uruguay / Chile (WP)
Fassbinder – Lieben ohne zu fordern (Fassbinder – To Love without Demands) by Christian Braad Thomsen, Denmark (WP) 《------
Iraqi Odyssey by Samir, Switzerland / Germany / Iraq / United Arab Emirates (EP)
The Yes Men Are Revolting by Laura Nix, Andy Bichlbaum, Mike Bonanno, USA (EP)
(WP= World premiere, IP= International premiere, EP = European premiere)
Please note: Stories of Our Lives by Kenyan filmmaker Jim Chuchu is now screening in the main programme of Panorama.
Press Office
January 20, 2015
[2015年 65届 柏林 (国际)电影节]
德国之秋是1977年一系列事件的总称,起因是一次武装暴力绑架,奔驰汽车公司董事长马丁·施莱尔被红色旅恐怖分子劫持。恐怖分子要求释放在押的11名红色旅领导人,政府拒绝条件并武力进攻恐怖分子基地,事后在汽车后备箱中发现施莱尔尸体,同一天,在监狱中的3名红色旅领导人自杀。隆美尔的儿子担任市长的斯图加特市为施莱尔举行国葬,有演讲者呼吁放下暴力对立,认真面对恐怖分子形成的背景。另有数百人及大量的媒体在警察的严密监视下参加了红色旅3名领导人的葬礼。这是“德国之秋”的事件线索。n德国红色旅是1968年全球学生运动的一支,他们的诉求主体中,反思德国在二战时纳粹行为是最重要的主题。电影中,法斯宾德和他的同性朋友阿敏的一段私生活引出了“以暴力对抗暴力”的话题,追溯法律的合法性,如果法律建立的基础被怀疑,其暴力的合法性就要被质疑,同时对其的反抗是否可以称为“恐怖”就需要在社会的讨论中再确认。n亚历山大·克鲁格引导了大量德国电影与民众关系的讨论,对德国反思运动的促进有着重要的引领作用,也是为德国电影新浪潮按下电钮的那个人。n对自己过去的反思是现代德国对世界最重要的贡献之一,对于一个以理性自居的民族从1918年后狂热的投身于法西斯主义,并聚集起极大的破坏力,如果事后假意沉默,没有真正的反躬自问,就像是建设了一个没有厕所的现代城市一样。n这部电影是所有经历过民族苦难的人,在学习如何自处如何面对的时候最好的课本。当然,最丑的德国人法斯宾德在里面的赤身表演应该打码。
原文地址: http://www.qh505.com/blog/post/5990.html
1977年秋天,赖纳·维尔纳·法斯宾德坐在母亲的对面,谈论暴力和民主的问题;1977年秋天,历史老师伽比正在思考新的学期她将会教什么;1977年秋天,由电视女编导布什导演的舞台剧《安提戈涅》的评审会正在进行……电影导演的讨论,历史老师的思考,电视编导的创作,一起组成了1977年个体的“德国之秋”,但是对于他们来说,和恐怖分子、绑架、国家安有关的、真正动荡的“德国之秋”是不是在一种远离现实的存在?或者说,个人对历史事件的介入思考是不是能给这个国家的明天带来理性的答案?
如果真正回到1977年著名的“德国之秋”事件,它几乎和普通人的生活隔离着:1977年9月5日,德国商人马丁·施莱尔被人绑架,绑架者是被称为“红色旅”的左翼恐怖组织,在绑架过程中,施莱尔的车队遭到袭击,四名随从被当场击毙,当天的电视新闻上播出道:“这条公路上发生了一件令人毛骨悚然的事情。这两辆奔驰被枪打成筛子状。车旁边停放了四具尸体。尸体被布遮盖着,看不见死者的面部。”“红色旅”为什么要绑架施莱尔?据称他们是想利用这一次的绑架行动逼迫德国政府能释放在押的领导人和同伙——1972年,法院以多次投放炸弹的罪名将该组织的11名元老投入监狱,关押在斯图加特的斯坦海姆监狱。但是他们的绑架行动并没有达到最后的目的,德国政府随后宣布处于紧急状态,拒绝了他们提出的要求,之后在10月18日一支德国特种部队成功制服了恐怖分子,“红色旅”不仅绑架和劫持飞机的努力宣告终结,整个计划也最终失败,就在这一天,传出来的消息是在监狱里的三名领导人安德烈亚斯·巴德尔、古德伦·恩斯林和让·卡尔·拉斯佩自杀,而在一天之后,人们在一辆汽车的后备箱里发现了被绑架者施莱尔的尸体——他是被人从脑袋后来打了一枪。随着三名反对派领导人的“自杀”和施莱尔的死被证实,长达44天的“德国之秋”也宣告结束。
从这个事件中,有值得关注的几个点:“红色旅”这一组织在1972年被征服宣布为恐怖主义者,他们是站在政府对立面的组织,是反对派,而他们起初的目的是反对资本主义,希望消除社会不公正现象,消除纳粹给战后德国带来的阴影,这是第一点,在他们的反对声中,无疑采取了革命的手段,最后演化成为了暴力;正因为被政府视为潜在的威胁,所以11名成员被投入监狱,而1977年绑架雇主委员会主席施莱尔无疑也是矛盾激化的结果,但是他们的绑架行为在这个时候似乎已经偏离了当初改良社会的目标,甚至不再是有着合理诉求的反对派,因为他们绑架的目的是解救被关押的同伙;而在绑架事件发生后,政府拒绝和平谈判,并以武力的方式制服了恐怖分子,而一种说法是在监狱里的三名领导人并不是自杀,而是被国家谋杀的。
“德国之秋”作为一起历史事件,其实是复杂的,它有着暴力和反暴力的斗争,有着阴谋和反阴谋的冲突,政府和反对派之间矛盾的激化演变成了新一轮的暴力和恐怖主义——以暴制暴本身就变成了一种恶的循环,在暴力中出现了三种死亡:施莱尔四名随从被打死,是第一种死亡;三名反对派领导人在监狱中“自杀”是第二种死亡,而施莱尔的尸体被发现则是第三种死亡——甚至可以说,如果是政府暗杀了在监狱中的犯人,是恐怖主义者又撕票了被绑架者,那么这种恶的循环根本没有随着“德国之秋”的终结而终结。44天的“德国之秋”造成了三种死亡,而三种死亡造成的更多尸体其实远远超过了这一政治事件本身,在1977年的秋天,人们当然可以在个体现实中思考这样一个问题:革命是不是需要理性?国家的暴力是不是会导致反抗者的暴力?对话的民主何以才能实现?
“红色旅”一开始站在政府的对立面,是想要消除社会不公正现象,消除纳粹带来的战后阴影,这一点法在斯宾德的母亲那里也是得到支持的,她反复强调的一点是:这个社会需要批评的声音,如果政府压制批评者的声音,那会对整个国家产生不利的影响。作为经历了纳粹德国的亲历者来说,法斯宾德的母亲说起那一段历史还心有余悸,那时正因为沉默就是怕惹上麻烦,但是当德国成为战败国,当德国需要重生,就不应该让民众沉默,就应该有批评者的声音。她反复提到的还有海因里希·伯尔,或者在她看来,这就代表着一种正义的声音。但是当她面对“德国之秋”的恐怖主义行径,她却反对他们以恐怖主义的绑架和谋杀手段发声,她认为批评政府需要的是理性,而不是暴力,所以她在法斯宾德面前的一个观点是:“必须枪毙所有的恐怖分子。”
而法斯宾德和她展开激烈的讨论,正是认为她忽视了一个重要信号:三个人在监狱中不是自杀,而是被谋杀。法斯宾德得到他们“自杀”的消息时,一直心存疑虑:作为世界上最保险的监狱,怎么可能会有他们用以自杀的枪?这个问题无疑戳穿了政府的谎言,所以在针对这一事件的讨论中,法斯宾德表达了自己的观点:当和他同居的阿敏认为是“红色旅”的行为是不尊重法律的行为时,法斯宾德对他大吼:“你给我滚出去!”而面对母亲,他认为所谓的“民主”是“不坏中最坏的”,它有时候就是一种独裁,所以他质疑母亲的是:到底谁制定了法律?
法律当然是政府维护自身利益的法律,当然是把自己的行为合法化的法律,当然针对的是恐怖主义,但是当法律本身成为“最坏”的独裁,何来理性?所以在这个“德国之秋”里,法斯宾德在个体的生活中,似乎处处在对抗着所谓的法律,他和阿敏的同性恋似乎也是处在社会的秩序之外,他在自己劳累的时候吸毒,当警笛声响起,他把剩下的毒品都冲击了下水道,而当阿敏带回来一个陌生男子,内心的不安全感让他赶走了男子,当阿敏为他为什么要这样做的时候,他独自哭泣,阿敏走过去抱着他,安慰他——外部的法律无法保障一个人的安全,社会的秩序制造着隔阂,所谓的法律就像侵入个体空间的陌生人一样,只会产生害怕,甚至恐惧。
与法斯宾德脆弱地只在房间里赤裸裸展示自我不同,更多的人选择另外的方式,伽比作为一名历史老师,在这个秋天思考自己是不是该继续执教历史,写在教科书上的历史其实只是代表着政府的一种声音:历史书上会写着1938年的秘密警察?会写着1944年被国家毒死的元帅?对于她来说,她的疑惑就在于真正的历史到底该如何书写?她在冰天雪地的户外用铲子挖掘着这片土地上被冰雪覆盖的东西,似乎是寻找真相的一种努力。而其实,不仅是对历史产生疑惑,历史的书写还折射着现实该如何书写的问题,伽比和学校领导之间的矛盾似乎也是这个问题的外在表现之一,而那个晚上她在街头看到一个女人被暴打,完全变成了赤裸裸的现实——暴力在街头无处不在,历史的问题还没有给出答案,现实已经激化了新的矛盾。
和法斯宾德对于国家法律的质疑一样,伽比亲眼目睹街头暴力,其实也开始反思权力导致的暴力问题,一个女人被男人当街毒打,没有警察,只有同样作为女人的自己出手解救,这种纯民间的行为其实是弱者可怜的自我保护。一样作为女人,电视编导布什将目光投向了创作,她改编里索福克勒斯的悲剧《安提戈涅》,用一个女人的声音表达对于男性强权的反抗,当俄狄浦斯的两个儿子为了争夺王位而相互残杀导致最后死去,摄政的克瑞翁下达了不许将波吕涅科斯的尸体埋葬的禁令。克瑞翁下达这样的禁令看起来是维护一种正义,但是对于出于亲情而想要安葬的安提戈涅来说,则代表了一种君权,所以她勇敢站出来,和害怕禁令祸及自身的妹妹伊斯墨涅形成强烈对比的是,安提戈涅不只是反对这道禁令,而是反对权力,反对女人成为弱者的宿命:“我敢;因为向我宣布这法令的不是宙斯,那和下界神祇同住的正义之神也没有为凡人制定这样的法令;我不认为一个凡人下一道命令就能废除天神制定的永恒不变的不成文律条,它的存在不限于今日和昨日,而是永久的,也没有人知道它是什么时候出现的。”
很明显,布什创作这出悲剧是赋予一种时代意义,在这个权力横行的时代,需要的是安提戈涅的反抗,而这种反抗才是真正为了公正,但是具有讽刺意义的是,悲剧评审时坐着的都是男人,他们指出这出悲剧改编得非常好的同时,认为安提戈涅的有些台词不是很适合——但这似乎仅仅是一个借口,因为他们最后认为,现在这样的关键时期,这样的戏剧还不适合演出,等过了这段时间再说。这便是男性权力凌驾于上的赤裸裸现实,因为他们认为安提戈涅完全是一个“恐怖分子的女人”,她所表达的“法律暴力导致反抗者的暴力”就是一种变相的恐怖主义宣言。
伽比的所见所谓和对于历史文本的思考,布什的悲剧创作和对于现实的映射,其实和这个“德国之秋”有了某种联系,在“拒绝一切暴力”而制造了暴力的现实中,在宣称民主却依然存在特权的社会里,“德国之秋”到底该如何评价?这其实变成了这一部纪录片的主旨,当1978年的亚历山大·克鲁格、沃尔克·施隆多夫、赖纳·维尔纳·法斯宾德等德国导演将目光投向已经结束的“德国之秋”,他们在影像世界里带来了更多的思考,无论是对于政府行为还是对于民间的呼声,他们似乎都没有一概而论——除了法斯宾德作为电影导演、同性恋者和吸毒者出现在电影里,以赤裸裸的方式表达了自己的想法,整个过纪录片其实有着太多复杂的阐释性意义。一方面他们用摄像机记录了“德国之秋”的一些珍贵镜头,比如施莱尔的葬礼,以及政府所谓“出于人道主义”而对三名反对派“自杀者”举行的葬礼,特别是恐怖主义者的葬礼现场,他们给予了全方位展示,从警察抬着棺木,到记者的拍摄,到送葬者的喊声,再到最后墓地里用泥土掩埋。在这个葬礼上,除去有人喊出“杀人犯”“胜利万岁”等直接具有政治指向性的口号之外,镜头几乎不表达观点,成为一种真正记录的存在:骑警在维持着现场秩序,天上有直升飞机飞过,一个牵着孩子的手的妇女在路边拦车……
但是在电影里,除了不动声色的历史记录之外,镜头语言明显带着思考性:在施莱尔的葬礼上,一名土耳其人被警察审问,原因是他身上带着一把枪,而这名土耳其人说自己只是为了打一只鸽子——警察和民众,暴力的枪和打鸽子的枪,以及德国土地上的土耳其人,无一不是在一种对比中揭示了存在的矛盾,以及对于矛盾处理所运用的“权力系统”;比如布什的拍摄现场,一面旗帜开始熊熊燃烧,革命者扬起拳头,这是一种革命的虚拟场景,但是这种虚拟性也具有破坏性,而布什曾经就坐在电影院里,一个人看“红色旅”创始人马勒的记录电影,马勒在其中就分析了资本主义的本质,并对道德堕落、越南战争发表了看法,他也指出很多人对恐怖分子抱有同情心——在大屏幕和小观众的巨大反差中,政治和现实之间该用何种方式共处似乎成为一个问题。
实际上在这些德国导演用纪录片形式真实记录“德国之秋”这一事件同时,他们还以另一种创作的手法介入到历史中,1977年10月15日晚,女人公寓里响起了敲门声,一个男人站在门外,他的头上正在流血,他说自己遭遇了车祸。女人让他进门,她问这个陌生男人是谁,问他是不是要去看医生,男人却趁机用杯子盖住了一张正摊开的报纸,报纸上登载着“德国之秋”嫌疑人的照片,这个细节似乎没有逃过女人的眼睛,她也趁男人不注意看了一眼照片,发现其中一人就是眼前这个不速之客,于是在男人和女人之间形成了某种紧张关系——这完全是一段虚构的场景,当演员在表演,实际上是还原“德国之秋”的某些片段,里面制造的悬疑和惊悚,或者正映射了“德国之秋”中以暴制暴的本质,而这种以暴制暴正是在现实中被制造的、无处不在的恐怖。
不表达非此即彼的观点,用纪实和虚构构筑事件的文本,这一切正是因为“德国之秋”本身的复杂性,正是因为历史和现实带来的混杂感,但是无论是还存在纳粹阴影的社会,还是政府反对派的革命行动,无论是政府对于恐怖主义的不合作态度,还是民众在现实中的种种不安甚至恐惧,“德国之秋”深深打上了某种集体症候的烙印,而如果没有真正的对话,没有所谓的理性和真正合法的法律,没有对权力的约束和对暴力的反抗,都会是一种悲剧,正像里面唱响的一首歌,“明天就会成为一具尸体”——德国之秋之后可能就是冰天雪地再无活力的冬天,到处是无法摆脱恐惧而深埋与地下的尸体,就像“德国之秋”事件开场时新闻报道所言:“尸体被布遮盖着,看不见死者的面部……”
1977年秋,一位德国实业家和前纳粹党官员遭遇绑架和谋杀,三位巴德尔—迈因霍夫恐怖主义集团成员在狱中神秘死亡,恐怖分子“赤军派”在近30年的时间里发起爆炸、绑架和枪杀当权派成员,在德国人们谈之色变。政府出台的诸如新闻封锁政治迫害等一系列严厉的应对措施,引发了联邦德国自成立以来最严重的政治危机。人们迫切要求对西德被压制的历史进行深入了解,因为上述事件引起了心理上对法西斯恐怖主义和希特勒专制的共鸣,一些残缺的记忆片断由此突然被整合起来。
以法宾斯德为首的西德电影导演们开始行动起来,他们的任务就是追溯德国危机的历史根源。根据《镜报》杂志的建议,九位导演以新德国电影的名义联合起来,计划拍摄一部联邦德国系列事件的纪录电影,表达他们对政治局势的独特看法,主创队伍可谓阵容庞大,包括克鲁格、施隆多夫、赖茨、文德斯和法斯宾德等,这就是电影《德国之秋》的由来。它以半纪录方式反映了西德社会尚未成熟且岌岌可危的民主,既意味着对政府新闻封锁政策的反抗,也是从非官方的角度就德国电影对这一系列事件的官方意见做出回应。
电影就是前德国恐怖行动集团赤色帮的兴衰史。赤色帮已从人们视线中淡忘很久,他们是谁?红色帮派(Rote Armee Faktion)简称RAF, 又名“巴德尔—迈因霍夫帮”,电影大部分内容围绕赤色帮在1967年到1977年间从起初建立到各种恐怖活动展开,充满革命、恐怖、绑架、自杀、赎罪、宽恕等纷繁复杂的历史纠葛,赤色帮的恐怖行动让“德国之秋”时期德国动荡起伏的社会局势可见一斑。
“当人们无从理解反抗的时候,反抗才成其为反抗。”赤色帮发端于20世纪60年代晚期,最初以南美游击队为蓝本,由反越战的学生运动发展而来组织武装部队。这个组织的宗旨就是要通过制造爆炸、绑架和枪杀当权人员等手段,摧毁战后繁荣的德国社会。 1971年的12月22日,凯泽斯劳滕的一家抵押银行遭到武装分子抢劫,交战中一名警察身亡,红色部队组织正式开始恐怖武装活动。红色部队的袭击对象主要是政府高官和所谓的“资本家”,1977年是赤色帮组织的高潮,这一年在德国历史上称为“德国之秋”:红色部队劫持了德国雇主联合会主席施莱尔, 以交换他们被抓的领导人。当诱拐的努力和一次劫持飞机相继努力失败后,RAF的3位非常杰出的领导人,安德烈亚斯巴德,古德兰·恩斯林和吉恩·卡尔泪谱,不约而同在监狱自杀,其中一名重伤者被抢救过来,他至今仍坚称是政府密谋杀死了自己的兄弟,这一事件谜团重重疑云四起,至今还没有完全解开。
《德国之秋》的结构表面上更像是电视节目,将纪录片镜头、现场采访和故事片的场景混合起来,但是它所讲的故事、所呈现的画面和所提供的视角观点却从未在德国电视上出现过,这使得电影无法获得正常的拍摄投资。 电影由一系列短片构成,每个片断分别由九位导演拍摄,片长15到35分钟不等,作品间风格并不统一,由导演各自发声。
1978年,电影导演们在讨论他们拍摄目标时强调,他们并没有试图用一个统一的理论来评价说明恐怖主义,因为那可能是一部“没有画面的电影”,一股声音总是警醒着他们:大多数德国人健忘的性格,就像中国的鲁迅时刻提醒国人勿忘自己的劣根性一样。 影片摒弃了不容公开讨论社会问题的官方媒体,并提供相反思考方式,在两个小时的电影里,导演们试图保留记忆,讨论自己国家的形象。《德国之秋》这样的作品自此引发了一系列关于“我们的国家形象”的集体计划,德意志民族的反思精神在电影所带来的附加效应里振聋发聩。
法斯宾德一段最惹人注目,不仅是因为他全裸演出,更主要法斯宾德与母亲之间的一段舞台剧般的谈话, 强调出国家危机与个人危机的交融。 他们谈到了德国的法西斯主义对独裁者的需要,讨论有关民主的内容。40年前的社会,革命是一个流行词,文化大革命在中国如火如荼进行,反对越战为背景的反美运动也在西欧风起云涌。那一代的年轻人心目中的导师是卡斯特罗、卡扎非以及毛泽东,他们对格瓦拉发自肺腑的狂热崇拜,不计其数的人甚至为此付出了生命的代价,这是今日的年轻人所无法真正懂得体会的。 归结RAF在德国的形成原因,是纳粹时代的遗产,也是战后德国对纳粹时代的反思不够,更加诱发了青年一代对资本主义的仇视。这部分也激励法斯宾德到历史深处继续探索,由此拍摄出广为人们称道的 “联邦德国三部曲”:1979年的《玛丽亚•布劳恩的婚姻》、1981年的《洛拉》和1982年的《维洛尼卡•福斯的欲望》。另外施隆多夫与克鲁格的部分也应承当时的政治气息,昭示德国历史的进一步挖掘。
一个勇于反思的国家才称作伟大,《德国之秋》是新德国电影名副其实的榜样,它警醒人们应该怎样在电影中以一种冷静批判的态度展现德国的历史与身份。但是,由于该片蒙太奇的实验形式和沉闷的政治因素并不能满足观众的观影期待,所以并没有产生巨大的公众影响,但是它完成了德国导演们原本计划的拍摄任务:捕捉到当代德国的历史故事,以激起人们思绪的方式讨论自己的国家形象,在德国以及世界人民群中掀起一阵反思浪潮。